A "Hooverville" was a shanty town built during the Great Depression by the homeless in the United States. Usually built on the edges of larger cities, hundreds of thousands of people lived in the many Hooverville camps. Hoovervilles In the 1930s, Hoovervilles (shantytowns) formed coast to coast in cities of the United States. [8], One exceptional Hooverville of Seattle, Washington held a structured government and collected extensive documentation. Among the hundreds of Hoovervilles across the U.S. during the 1930s were those in: Hoovervilles have often featured in popular culture, and still appear in editorial cartoons. One of the important events during his presidency was the emergence of the Shanty Town during the Great Depression. [3] Report of the Sanitation Divison December 31, 1935 as quoted in Excerpt from the Health Department Annual Report 1935, Seattle Municipal Archives: http://www.seattle.gov/CityArchives/Exhibits/Hoover/1935ar.htm (accessed December 29, 2009), [4] Report of Shack Elimination Committee (April 14, 1941), Seattle Municipal Archives (accessed December 29, 2009), Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium. Seattle police twice burned the early Hooverville, but each time residents rebuilt. The decision led to the establishment of the Shack Elimination Committee by the City Council. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. What were Hoovervilles during the Great Depression? Many features of life during the Great Depression were given bitter connotations with Hoover's name. [7], While some Hoovervilles created a sort of government, most were unorganized collections of shanty houses. Central Park Hooverville with Central Park West in the Background in 1932. Unsanitary conditions in the camps left both their residents and the nearby communities at risk of disease. Create your account, 29 chapters | By the spring of 1932, when it could have most helped ease the Depression, Americas revenue from world trade was reduced by more than half. "; Jackson was also the chairperson of the Vigilance Committee. In the aftermath of that event, sometimes read more. While the goal of the tariffs was to protect U.S.-made products from foreign competition, most countries retaliated by raising their tariffs on U.S. goods. We are grateful to the Seattle Municipal Archives, King County Archives, and the University of Washington Library Special Collections for permission to incorporate materials in their collections. The answer to this question is practically anywhere. months[1] = "Find information about the instructive websites produced by international publisher Siteseen Ltd. "; No two Some of the homeless found shelter inside empty conduits and water mains. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, by Dustin Neighly, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s by Magic Demirel, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle by Donald Francis Roy, The Story of Seattle's Hooverville by Jesse Jackson, "Mayor" of Hooverville, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents. Riverside Park, New York City: A shantytown occupied Riverside Park at 72nd Street during the depression. Some cities allowed squatter encampments for a time, others did not. Some Hoovervilles had basic public services and conveniences. Roosevelts recovery program, known as the New Deal, eventually reduced unemployment, regulated banking and helped turn the ailing economy around with public works projects and other economic programs. It maintained itself as a free-standing community until 1936, when it was razed. Usually built on vacant land, the camps were largely tolerated by city authorities. By the middle of 1941, Roosevelts New Deal programs had increased employment to the point that all but a few Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. In his estimation, prosperity would return if people would simply help one another. The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. [2] Donald Francis Roy, a citizen of Seattles Hooverville, took detailed recordings of the population during his time there. Probably the most famous Hooverville was the one founded on Anacostia Flats, just outside Washington, D.C., in 1932. Life for the Average Family During the Great Depression. Businesses made huge profits, but average workers wages did not rise at the same rate. Click the button below to get instant access to these worksheets for use in the classroom or at a home. until the land was needed for shipping facilities on the eve of World War II. Families who had lost their homes lived in shacks in temporary settlements known as "Hoovervilles," named after the current president, Herbert Hoover. City of Seattle.Americans React to the Great Depression. This began with a heated debate over the status and rights of Hooverville residents, who became more visible in petitions submitted throughout the late 1930s. Request for removal of Interbay shacks (April 24, 1937) 10 Facts About the Great Depression. "; "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/hoovervilles. Roy documents a unique spirit of tolerance and amiability between ethnic groups. Over its eight years of existence, the WPA put roughly 8.5 million Americans to work read more, The 1930s in the United States began with an historic low: more than 15 million Americansfully one-quarter of all wage-earning workerswere unemployed. Although people would often use castoff lumber and building materials, more often than not Hooverville structures were built with cardboard, tar paper, and other comparatively flimsy elements. Black and white men would share homes out of convenience and, likewise, exemplify camaraderie and friendship. Roy lived in the Hooverville in spring 1934 while conducting this survey which became his 1935 MA thesis. Seattle lies on a narrow strip of land between the salt waters of Puget Sound and the fresh waters of Lake Washington. All rights reserved. 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Seattle's developed into a self-sufficient and organized town-within-a-town. The effect was the virtual freezing of international trade. However, the countrys 31st president, Republican Herbert Hoover, who took office in March 1929, believed that self-reliance and self-help, not government intervention, were the best means to meet citizens needs. It was a highly diverse population. var months = new Array(12); Workers, whether migrant or immigrant, suffered from a lack of jobs making up a large portion of Hooverville. And hundreds of thousands--no one knows how many--took to the streets, finding what shelter they could, under bridges, in culverts, or on vacant public land where they built crude shacks. In 1930, the largest Hooverville in America, consisting of four distinct sectors, was established in St. Louis. As America's housing and economic crisis worsened through 2009, homelessness was on the rise. President Herbert Hoover lost the election in 1932 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933, it was 25%, with 1 out of every 4 people out of work. In 1934, Roy recorded a population of non-White people, including Black men, Costa Rican, Chilean, Filipino, Japanese, Mexican, and. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. A structured government ran Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, and extensive documentation was collected. In June, many of the so-called Bonus Army marched to the Capitol to request early payment of the government bonuses they had been promised for their military servicemoney that would have alleviated the financial problems of many families. KidsKonnect uses a secure SSL connection to encrypt your data and we only work with trusted payment processors Stripe and PayPal. A "Hooverville" dweller, Circleville, Ohio, c. 1938. Roy noted that the only Filipinos and Mexican men were segregated, generally due to language rather than racial discrimination. How many people lived in the Hoovervilles in the 1930s? "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents, Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism, Self-Help Activists: The Seattle Branches of the Unemployed Citizens League, Organizing the Unemployed: The Early 1930s, Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium | University of Washington. Why was the Shanty Town called a Hooverville? By 1932, Hoover was so unpopular that he had no realistic hope of being re-elected, and Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York won that years presidential election in November by a landslide. Second New Deal Purpose & Programs | What was the Second New Deal? The new population was forced to set up makeshift "towns" known as "Hoovervilles." 16. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. In 1929, unemployment was around 3%. People experiencing homelessness made them from scraps of wood, tin, tar, and cardboard, and named . Most were unemployed laborers and timber workers, few of whom had held any jobs in the previous two years. Built with all over the world Copyright 19992023This site uses cookies to improve your experience. In addition to his perceived disregard for the harm done by the Great Depression, Hoover was criticized for backing the controversial Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. During the Great Depression, Hoovervilles provided shelter to many of the homeless population of America. Economic disparity in the United States during the 1930s was not limited to American born individuals. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Sign Me Up. He had first achieved fame during World War I when he ran the U.S. Food Administration, and his managerial skills, relentless work ethic, and ability to feed both the troops and the homefront simultaneously won him enormous praise. Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression. However, most buildings were little more than crude shelters thrown together from wooden crates, cardboard boxes, tar paper, scrap metal, and other fire-prone discarded materials. The government refused to pay, citing Depression-era budgetary restrictions. As the Depression worsened and millions of families lost their jobs and depleted their savings, they also lost their homes. Hoovervilles were large groups of simple, makeshift houses built by people who had nowhere else to live during the Great Depression. ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996. More often than not, Hoovervilles were tolerated. months[5] = "Explore the interesting, and fascinating selection of unique websites created and produced by the Siteseen network. Covering nine acres of public land, it housed a population of up to 1,200, claimed its own community government including an unofficial mayor, and enjoyed the protection of leftwing groups and sympathetic public officials READ MORE:Life for the Average Family During the Great Depression, In addition to the term Hooverville, President Hoovers name was used derisively in other ways during the Great Depression. Whenever possible, Hoovervilles were built near rivers for the convenience of a water source. Will Work ForAnything. However, that didn't last long. The new mayor allowed the towns Hooverville to thrive and grow, even granting it some official tolerance. The people who lived in a Hooverville or Shanty Town were men, women and children, black and white, from all walks of life, who had been evicted from their homes and made homeless due to unemployment in the Great Depression. A Hoover blanket was a pile of old newspapers used as bedding. What were the Hoovervilles (Shanty Town) of the Great Depression? When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. However, understanding that the campers had nowhere else to go, and fearing that they might still fall victim to the Great Depression themselves, most more affluent people were willing to tolerate the Hoovervilles and their impoverished residents. "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." Letter from Housing Authority to City Council (March 4, 1941) As people increasingly relied on credit to buy homes filled with new conveniences of the day, like refrigerators, radios, and cars, many Americans were living beyond their means. Today the nine acre site is used to unload container ships. This website helped me pass! months[6] = "Uncover a wealth of facts and information on a variety of subjects produced by the Siteseen network. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. The Great Depression started on Wall Street. This was Port of Seattle property that had been occupied by Skinner and Eddy shipyard during World War I. After negotiating with the camps mayor, the Health Department agreed to let the residents remain as long they observed minimal safety and sanitary rules. As Secretary of Commerce, Hoover presided over the economic boom times of the 'Roaring Twenties,' and when he entered the White House in early 1929, it seemed clear that the nation was in good hands. As such, he was highly reluctant to shift the federal government into high gear to try and solve an economic crisis. The rectangular reservoir north of Belvedere Castle was taken out of service when the stock market crashed in 1929. This site uses cookies to improve your experience. The term was coined by the publicity director of the Democratic National Committee in 1930. In the summer of 1931 a group of Seattle residents organized to establish self-help enterprises and demand that government officials create jobs and increase relief assistance to unemployed. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Erected by unemployed lumberjacks on the tidal flats of the Port of Seattle, the encampment covered nine acres and grew to house up to 1,200 people. This issue will be discussed more below. A request from the city was that women and children would not be allowed to live in the shantytown. The quality and livability of structures built in Hooverville camps varied widely. The Tacoma Fire Department burned down fifty small houses in May 1942 after Seattle destroyed Hooverville. Excerpt from Health Department Annual Report (1935) Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. Construction within the strict timeframe proved an immense read more, The Dust Bowl was the name given to the drought-stricken southern plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a drought in the 1930s. The publics frustration with President Hoovers refusal to deal with the Depression peaked in the spring of 1932 when an estimated 15,000 World War I veterans and their families established a Hooverville along the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. On June 17, 1932, many of the veterans, known as the Bonus Army, marched on the U.S. Capitol demanding payment the badly needed WWI combat bonuses the government had promised them. Come learn about Hoovervilles, how they got their name, and. However, Hoovervilles were typically grim and unsanitary. If you reference any of the content on this page on your own website, please use the code below to cite this page as the original source. Its unofficial mayor was Jesse Jackson, who led the city in tolerating the homeless and imposed lax building and sanitation regulations. Longley, Robert. Even before the Great Depression, there were homeless people, but most large cities were able to build municipal lodging houses for the homeless. By 1932 millions of Americans were living outside the normal rent-paying housing market. They are crowded, dirty, miserable, and they are places where the homeless gather to build temporary homes. Some people . Homeless people roamed the country looking for food and work. Hoovervilles varied in size from a few hundred residents to thousands of people in larger cities like New York City, Washington, D.C., and Seattle, Washington. When a new mayor took office in 1932, owing his election in part to support of the Unemployed Citizen's League, Seattle's Hooverville gained a measure of official tolerance that allowed it to survive and grow. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Hoovervilles of the Great Depression Daily Dose Documentary 6.73K subscribers Subscribe 223 Share 42K views 2 years ago For more episodes, please visit http://dailydosenow.com Today's Daily Dose. What became the city's main Hooverville started as a group of little huts on land next to Elliott Bay south of "skid road," as the Pioneer Square area was then called. Around 11,000 banks failed during the Great Depression, leaving many with no savings. "; The numbers obviously varied, but the biggest Hooverville in Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington served as the home to 1200 people. This sort of fatalism was especially apparent in the language that developed around the iconic representation of the Great Depression --the Hooverville. They cut down dramatically on their purchases, but less buying meant fewer goods needed, so companies didn't need so many employees. During WWI, this area belonged to the Port of Seattle but was occupied by the Skinner and Eddy shipyard. In Washington, the Unemployed Citizen's League and its newspaper, The Vanguard, gained the state Communists a broad appeal, and integrated the unemployed into the state's radical reform coalitions. The Shanty Town was given the sarcastic nickname 'Hooverville' after President Herbert Hoover who Americans blamed for the Great Depression. 361 lessons. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. Americas longest lasting Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, stood for ten years, from 1931 to 1941. Excerpt from "Seattle's Hooverville" by Leslie D. Erb (1935), [1] Donald Francis Roy, "Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle," (M.A. This was at a time when most workers didn't have access to unemployment benefits, health care, or Social Security--in fact, none of the programs that could provide that kind of help even existed. And although private philanthropy increased during the early 1930s, the amounts given were not enough to make a significant impact. Shanty towns also appeared in or near other cities. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. Protest against Hooverville evictions (October 10, 1938) It stood for ten years, 1931 to 1941. Seattle's decision to raze Hooverville in 1941 and expel its residents relied on a discourse of "otherness" that set Hooverville economically, socially, and geographically apart. Exhibt A: Map of Number and Distribution of Shacks (March 5, 1941) Sign Up. There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation, he wrote of the squalled camp. To find out more, see our, Download the Hooverville Facts & Worksheets, Hooverville Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com, Resources created by teaching professionals. By the early 1940s, Roosevelts New Deal programs had turned the economy around and many of the Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. Hoover leather referred to cardboard or newspaper used to replace worn-out shoe soles. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. It was named after Herbert Hoover, an American politician who was the president during the first years of the Great Depression. How many Hoovervilles or Shantytowns were there? Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Browse Catalog. Most Hoovervilles operated in an informal, unorganized way, but the bigger ones would sometimes put forward spokespersons to serve as a liaison between the camp and the larger community. The economic depression began in September 1929 and was immediately followed by the October 24 Wall Street stock market crash. One of the most famous ways in which people migrated during the timeframe of the Great Depression was by 'riding the rails' on trains. No two Hoovervilles were quite alike, and the camps varied in population and size. Summary and Definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). Exhibit C: Physical Conditions and Occupancy of Shacks (March 5, 1941) When disaster struck, Americans looked to their President for leadership and compassion, but Hoover seemed to be short on both counts. See the fact file below for more information on the Hoovervilles, or alternatively, you can download our 20-page Hooverville worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment. The suffering in the Great Depression, from 1929 to 1941, is hard for modern Americans to wrap their minds around. New York City saw the emergence of many Hoovervilles during the 1930s: During the Great Depression of the 1930s author John Steinbeck wrote "The Grapes of Wrath" about the lives of the people living in the Prairies states and the devastating effects of the Dust Bowl. Donald Roy created this map of Seattle's Hooverville. Seattle's Hooverville had lasted a full decade.[4]. Life in the encampments remained best described as grim. 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